Visigothic Kingdom: Institutions, Culture, and Legacy
The Barbarian Invasions and the Visigothic Kingdom
The term ‘barbarians’ referred to those living beyond the Roman borders, with their own customs and village life. Many settled at the empire’s frontiers, serving as mercenaries. Taking advantage of the empire’s weakness and the allure of fertile lands and city loot, they invaded Roman territories. In 409, a frozen river allowed the ‘barbaro SRAP’ to cross, marking the beginning of the invasions that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.
Visigothic Institutions and Culture
The Visigoths, a Germanic people from the Baltic Sea, migrated south, initially under pressure from the Huns. They were granted land by the Roman Empire, but later clashed with both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. King Alaric sacked Rome for the first time in its history. Eventually, they settled in southern France, establishing a kingdom with Toulouse as its capital. In exchange, they were tasked with expelling other barbarian groups from Hispania.
After being defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Vouille in 507, the Visigoths retreated to Hispania. They primarily settled in the central plateaus, numbering around 80,000-100,000 in a population of 4 million. King Atanagildo established Toledo as the capital, succeeded by Leovigildo, who defeated the Basques and Swabians. Leovigildo also suppressed his son Hermenegildo’s rebellion, becoming the first king to rule over a unified Spain, wearing royal robes, crowns, and a scepter. His son Recaredo converted to Catholicism at the Third Council of Toledo (589), facilitating intermarriage between Hispanics and Visigoths. This was further emphasized by King Recesvinto’s governorship.
Visigothic Law and Governance
The Fuero Juzgo was a code of laws for all inhabitants of the Visigothic kingdom. However, the elective monarchy led to instability, with 34 kings, many of whom were dethroned or assassinated. This internal strife facilitated the Muslim conquest in 711. Key institutions included:
- Elective Monarchy: The king was elected by magnates and later by prelates, despite attempts to establish hereditary rule.
- Aula Regia: An assembly of magnates advising the king on religious, political, and legislative matters.
- Officium Palatinum: The king’s inner circle of trusted advisors and court officials.
The Visigoths respected Roman legislative authorities. Each province was governed by a Duke, while less important territories were under the command of a Count. The Latin language and culture persisted, especially within the Church.
Cultural Contributions
Saint Isidore of Seville was a prominent figure, authoring numerous books, including the Etymologies, which compiled the knowledge of the time, covering geometry, astronomy, science, and history. His work was recognized throughout Europe.