Vocabulary and Future Tenses in English

Essential English Vocabulary

  • Landmark: Place to visit.
  • Oil: Oil, gasoline.
  • Rulers: Governing people.
  • To run out of: To be depleted, to have no more left.
  • Source: Source; source of income: source of revenue.
  • On the bare: Without vegetation.
  • Breathtaking: Impressive, breathtaking.
  • Skyscraper: Very tall building.
  • To tower over: To rise above, to dominate.
  • To surpass: To exceed.
  • To reach: To arrive at.
  • Luxury: Luxurious.
  • Larger: Bigger.
  • Shaped: Having the form of.
  • Jellyfish: Sea creature.
  • To marvel: To be filled with wonder.
  • Shore: Coastline.
  • Palm tree: Type of tree.
  • Spare: Extra; spare cash: loose change.
  • Storey: Floor; 20-storey tower: 20-floor building.
  • Grand: Magnificent.
  • Highlights: The most notable parts.
  • Support: To hold up, to bear.
  • State-of-the-art resorts: The best tourist complexes.
  • Major: Important, relevant.
  • To tear down: To demolish.
  • Surface: Outer layer.
  • Ancient: Very old.
  • Spacious: Having much space.
  • Narrow: Not wide.
  • Wide: Broad.
  • Huge: Enormous.
  • Tiny: Very small.
  • Concrete: Building material.
  • Steel: Metal alloy.
  • Iron: Metal.
  • Sidewalk/Pavement: Area for pedestrians.
  • Elevator/Lift: Machine for vertical transport.
  • Apartment/Flat: Housing unit.
  • Yard/Garden: Outdoor area.
  • First floor/Ground floor: Lowest level of a building.
  • Car parks: Parking area; parking lot: parking space; parking meter: device for paying for parking; parking ticket: parking permit.
  • High street: Main street.
  • In my leisure time, I like to…
  • Amazing heights: Great height.
  • The landmark I want to see the most is…

English Connectors

  • However: Nevertheless.
  • In short: In summary.
  • Somehow: In some way.
  • All in all: Considering everything.
  • In fact: Actually.
  • But instead of…(ing): But in place of…
  • By the time: At that point.
  • Despite + noun / In spite of: Regardless of.
  • After all: Ultimately.
  • Whether (if): Expressing a choice or doubt.
  • Meanwhile: At the same time.
  • According to: As stated by.
  • First and foremost: Most importantly.
  • Though: Although.

Future Tenses in English

Future Simple

Will (affirmative) / Won’t (negative) + infinitive (without “to”)

Uses:

  1. Predictions (imaginations, doubts): “I think…”
  2. Established schedules (trains, classes, cinema, university).
  3. Sudden decisions (made at the moment): “Don’t worry.”

Adverbs: this evening, at 2 o’clock, in a few weeks, next year, in the future, soon.

Be Going To

Subject + be + going to + infinitive (without “to”)

Uses:

  1. Planned, scheduled actions.
  2. Something that is about to happen (there are indications of it): “Hey, be careful, you’re going to fall!” “The water is about to boil because there are bubbles.”
  3. Near future.

Adverbs: this evening, later, in an hour, tomorrow, next month, soon.

Present Continuous with Future Meaning

Are/Is + going to + verb-ing

Uses: Near future (maximum one week). Something that is scheduled in advance and is certain to happen.

Adverbs: tonight, tomorrow morning.

Future Perfect Simple

Form:
Affirmative: Will (Won’t) + have (never “has”) + past participle (3rd column or -ed).
Negative: Subject + will (not) + have + past participle.
Interrogative: Will + subject + have + past participle.

Uses: An action that will have finished at a specific future moment.

Example: By the time Dubai runs out of oil, tourism will have become a major industry. (Next week I will have finished the exams.)

Adverbs: for, by this time next week, by 3 o’clock, by then, in four months.

Future Continuous

Form:
Affirmative: Subject + will be (never changes) + verb-ing.
Negative: Subject + (will not) be + verb-ing.
Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb-ing.

Uses: To express what will be happening at a specific moment in the future.

Example: We will be visiting Paris this summer.

Adverbs: at, for, at this time tomorrow, on Thursday, in the next decade.