Vocabulary and Future Tenses in English
Essential English Vocabulary
- Landmark: Place to visit.
- Oil: Oil, gasoline.
- Rulers: Governing people.
- To run out of: To be depleted, to have no more left.
- Source: Source; source of income: source of revenue.
- On the bare: Without vegetation.
- Breathtaking: Impressive, breathtaking.
- Skyscraper: Very tall building.
- To tower over: To rise above, to dominate.
- To surpass: To exceed.
- To reach: To arrive at.
- Luxury: Luxurious.
- Larger: Bigger.
- Shaped: Having the form of.
- Jellyfish: Sea creature.
- To marvel: To be filled with wonder.
- Shore: Coastline.
- Palm tree: Type of tree.
- Spare: Extra; spare cash: loose change.
- Storey: Floor; 20-storey tower: 20-floor building.
- Grand: Magnificent.
- Highlights: The most notable parts.
- Support: To hold up, to bear.
- State-of-the-art resorts: The best tourist complexes.
- Major: Important, relevant.
- To tear down: To demolish.
- Surface: Outer layer.
- Ancient: Very old.
- Spacious: Having much space.
- Narrow: Not wide.
- Wide: Broad.
- Huge: Enormous.
- Tiny: Very small.
- Concrete: Building material.
- Steel: Metal alloy.
- Iron: Metal.
- Sidewalk/Pavement: Area for pedestrians.
- Elevator/Lift: Machine for vertical transport.
- Apartment/Flat: Housing unit.
- Yard/Garden: Outdoor area.
- First floor/Ground floor: Lowest level of a building.
- Car parks: Parking area; parking lot: parking space; parking meter: device for paying for parking; parking ticket: parking permit.
- High street: Main street.
- In my leisure time, I like to…
- Amazing heights: Great height.
- The landmark I want to see the most is…
English Connectors
- However: Nevertheless.
- In short: In summary.
- Somehow: In some way.
- All in all: Considering everything.
- In fact: Actually.
- But instead of…(ing): But in place of…
- By the time: At that point.
- Despite + noun / In spite of: Regardless of.
- After all: Ultimately.
- Whether (if): Expressing a choice or doubt.
- Meanwhile: At the same time.
- According to: As stated by.
- First and foremost: Most importantly.
- Though: Although.
Future Tenses in English
Future Simple
Will (affirmative) / Won’t (negative) + infinitive (without “to”)
Uses:
- Predictions (imaginations, doubts): “I think…”
- Established schedules (trains, classes, cinema, university).
- Sudden decisions (made at the moment): “Don’t worry.”
Adverbs: this evening, at 2 o’clock, in a few weeks, next year, in the future, soon.
Be Going To
Subject + be + going to + infinitive (without “to”)
Uses:
- Planned, scheduled actions.
- Something that is about to happen (there are indications of it): “Hey, be careful, you’re going to fall!” “The water is about to boil because there are bubbles.”
- Near future.
Adverbs: this evening, later, in an hour, tomorrow, next month, soon.
Present Continuous with Future Meaning
Are/Is + going to + verb-ing
Uses: Near future (maximum one week). Something that is scheduled in advance and is certain to happen.
Adverbs: tonight, tomorrow morning.
Future Perfect Simple
Form:
Affirmative: Will (Won’t) + have (never “has”) + past participle (3rd column or -ed).
Negative: Subject + will (not) + have + past participle.
Interrogative: Will + subject + have + past participle.
Uses: An action that will have finished at a specific future moment.
Example: By the time Dubai runs out of oil, tourism will have become a major industry. (Next week I will have finished the exams.)
Adverbs: for, by this time next week, by 3 o’clock, by then, in four months.
Future Continuous
Form:
Affirmative: Subject + will be (never changes) + verb-ing.
Negative: Subject + (will not) be + verb-ing.
Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb-ing.
Uses: To express what will be happening at a specific moment in the future.
Example: We will be visiting Paris this summer.
Adverbs: at, for, at this time tomorrow, on Thursday, in the next decade.