Water Treatment and Building Plumbing: Essential Practices
Water Treatment Processes
44. What Is the Purpose of Aeration in Drinking Water?
Aeration is the process by which water is placed in intimate contact with air to amend the concentrations of dissolved gases or volatile substances.
45. Water Sample Analysis: Clay Particles in Suspension
When analyzing a water sample, a high concentration of clay particles in suspension is observed. What correction treatments should be applied to the water from which the sample was taken?
Filtration
46. Bad Smell in a Disused Bathroom
After several years of disuse, a bathroom smells bad. What should be done?
Open the faucets so that the traps are filled with water, as the existing water has likely evaporated.
47. Treating Spring Water with High Calcium and Magnesium
Spring water contains excessive amounts of calcium and magnesium carbonates. What treatments should be given to this water to make it fit for human consumption?
Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation.
48. Three Basic Features for Spring Water Exploitation
List three basic features that a spring should have for its exploitation as a source of supply for a population.
- Adequate flow for the purposes of recruitment.
- Water quality that allows further processing for the intended use.
- Expected economic flows from the extraction.
49. Water Clarification Process for Human Consumption
Pre-chlorination, post-chlorination, water re-chlorination, and dechlorination.
Building Plumbing and Wastewater Management
50. When to Install Pumps to Evacuate Wastewater
In buildings where wastewater collection occurs at a lower level than the sewage system.
51. Expansion Tank: Role, Justification, and Types
An expansion tank is an element used in building heating circuits to absorb the increased volume that occurs when the fluid inside the circuit is heated and expands.
Types:
Open expansion vessel: An open expansion vessel must be placed at the top of the facility to collect excess water from expansion and return it when the heat transfer fluid cools.
Closed expansion tank: A closed expansion tank is made of two zones: one in contact with the primary heating circuit and therefore full of water, and a second area filled with air or nitrogen gas. These areas are separated by an impermeable membrane.
52. Basic Conditions for Building Water Supply
The water supply of a building, and therefore its indoor facility, must meet two basic conditions:
- Sanitary type: Designed to prevent water pollution in indoor facilities.
- Hydraulic type: Addressed in each unit to obtain sufficient flow for the intended purpose and adequate pressure, even under the most unfavorable conditions.
This network consists of three main parts:
- Distributors: Horizontal pipes that carry water to the columns. They are normally projected through the basement and ground floor.
- Columns: These bring water to the various floors of the building. Horizontal pipes, or taps, come out at the height of each plant.
- Derivations: These carry water to the taps.
Distribution networks in a building can be:
- Water distribution ring
- Water distribution in a branched network
53. Flow Measurement in Water Distribution Facilities
- Collective measurement: The consumption of the building is controlled by a single counter.
- Individual measurement: The company that supplies the water provides proof of what each owner consumes. There are several alternatives:
- The meters are installed inside each home.
- Distributed counters grouped by plants.
- All meters are installed in one compartment of the building, usually located on the ground floor.
54. Solution for Toilets with Long Discharge Line
In a public building, it is noted that some toilets with many toilets installed in a discharge line of great length and small diameter are easily discharged. Indicate a possible solution to this problem.
Install faucets with aerators, thermostatic taps, faucets with infrared sensors, timed flush switches, flushing valves, and adjustment keys before the point of consumption.
55. Pump Height and Gauge Height
Clear height of a pump: The gap to be bridged between the ground and the maximum height to which water must be raised.
Gauge height: The clear height plus the height that accounts for the loss.
56. What Is Extra Heat in Circulating Water Used For?
To compensate for heat losses.