Wireless Networking Technologies: A Comprehensive Overview
1. Wireless Network Scope
WPAN: Personal Area Network
WLAN: Local Area Network
WMAN: Metropolitan Area Network
WWAN: Wide Area Network
2. WPAN Technologies
- MIT
- IRDA
- Zigbee
- Bluetooth
3. 802.11b/g PHY and MAC Layer Technologies
(Details to be provided)
4. Bluetooth Standard and Speed
Standard: 802.15
Frequency: 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz
Speed: 1 Mbps and 3 Mbps
5. Bluetooth Classes
- Class 1: Up to 100 meters
- Class 2: Up to 10 meters
- Class 3: Up to 1 meter
6. Bluetooth Frequency and Technique
Frequency: 2.4 GHz
Technique: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), changing 1600 times per second
7. WiMAX Frequency Bands and Sub-bands
Bands: 2-11 GHz and 10-66 GHz (each with sub-bands)
8. Wi-Fi/WiMAX Hotspot Topology
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
9. Bluetooth Topology
Baseband (limited scalability beyond 3 devices)
10. Wi-Fi Network Topologies
- IBSS: Independent Basic Service Set
- BSS: Basic Service Set
- ESS: Extended Service Set
11. IrDA Characteristics
Max. Range: 1 meter
Viewing Angle: 30°
Max. Speed: Up to 4 Mbps
12. Bluetooth Channels
79 channels
13. DSSS Channels and Bandwidth
Channels: 14
Bandwidth: 20 MHz (not GHz)
14. DCF and PCF
DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (like Ethernet)
PCF: Point Coordination Function (like Token Ring)
15. LMDS Bands, Speed, and Range
- 28 GHz: 2.8 km range, 8-16 Mbps speed
- 3.5 GHz: 7 km range, 2-4 Mbps speed
16. GPRS and GSM
GPRS adds data communication to GSM’s voice communication.
17. GPRS Services
- WAP
- SMS
- MMS
- Internet
18. GSM vs. GPRS Slot Usage
GSM uses a single slot (9.6 Kbps for data). GPRS uses up to 8 slots (171.2 Kbps).
19. UMTS Data Rate
384 Kbps to 2 Mbps (uplink and downlink)
20. 15 dBi Antenna Gain
Higher gain and better signal concentration.
21. Antennas for Better Range
External Yagi antennas and outdoor satellite antennas (trade-offs exist).
22. Hidden Station Problem in CDMA/CA
(Solution to be provided)
23. Setting up a PC as an IBSS Hotspot
- Enable ad-hoc wireless connection mode.
- Enable internet connection sharing.
24. GSM Channels and Bandwidth
25 MHz bandwidth divided into 125 channels (124 usable).
25. GSM Slot Bandwidth
200 KHz
26. NSS Databases
- HLR: Home Location Register
- VLR: Visitor Location Register
- EIR: Equipment Identity Register
- AuC: Authentication Center
27. Digital Mobile Terminal Types
- Type C: Manual switch between voice and data.
- Type B: Automatic switch between voice and data.
- Type A: Simultaneous voice and data.
28. EDGE vs. GPRS
EDGE (2.75G) is an enhanced version of GPRS, requiring operator updates and phone compatibility.
29. UMTS IP Addressing
Supports IPv4 and IPv6 routing.
30. HSDPA/HSUPA Speeds and Generations
- UMTS (3.5G): 14.4 Mbps downlink, 2 Mbps uplink
- HSDPA (3.75G): 7.2 Mbps downlink, 2 Mbps uplink
31. WCDMA Generation and Name
3G (associated with UMTS)
32. Handover
Seamless transfer of communication between access points.
33. Roaming
Using a mobile phone abroad.